虚拟语气
[size=5][size=5][color=Magenta][font=宋体]虚拟语气虚拟语气表示所说的话只是一种主观愿望、假设或建议等。
虚拟语气的重点是：虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气和表示愿望的虚拟形式等。
1. 虚拟语气的常见句型
(1) 由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气：
① 用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。
② 用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might + 动词原形。
③ wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had + 动词过去分词或could/would + have + 动词过去分词。
(2) had hoped 引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would + 动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。
(3) would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner 和would prefer 所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。
例如：
I' d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这主立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn' t stay there too long. 我倒希望他不要在那儿呆得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday. 我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
(4) It' s (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。
例如：
It' s very late. It' s time we had to go. 天太晚了，我们得走了。
2. 特殊形式的虚拟语气
(1) should (可省略) + 动词原形用于如下结构中的that从句中。
① 用于表示意愿、建立、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中。
例如：
He ordered that parking be prohibited on Main street during the rush hour. 他下令在（交通）高峰期间禁止在大街上停车。
Tom insisted that his leadership be recognized by all the boys. 汤姆坚持让所有男孩接受他的领导。
这类动词还有： ask 要求 advise 建议 arrange 安排 beg 请求
command 命令 decide 决定 demand 要求 desire 渴望
determine 决定 insist 坚持 intend 打算 maintain 坚持，主张
move 建议，动员 propose 提议 object 反对 order 命令
prefer 建议 require 需要 request 要求 resolve 下决心
recommend 推荐 suggest 建议 stipulate 约定，规定 urge 强调，促进
vote 公认，提议 decree 颁布（法令） pray 请求
② 用于It is + 形容词或过去分词 + 主语从句中。
例如：
It is appropriate that some time be devoted to thorough study of the results of the Apollo mission.
拿出时间对阿波罗登月计划的结果做详细研究是恰当的。
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.
这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。
这类形容词或分词有： advisable 适当的 decided 决定的 crucial 关键的 important 重要的
determined 确定的 commanded 命令的 arranged 安排的 desired 渴望的，向往的
complied 遵照 anxious 焦急的 imperative 迫切的 natural 自然的
desirable 合意的 better 较好的，更好 insistent 坚持的 urgent 紧迫的
keen 渴望的 incredible 难以置信的 adamant 坚定不移的 possible 可能的
insisted 坚定的 necessary 必要的 suggested 暗示性的 pity 可惜，憾事
ordered 命令的 shocked 震惊的 vital 极其重要的 shame 羞愧，耻辱
strange 奇怪的 preferable 更可取的，更好的 required 必需的 essential 紧要的，基本的
proposed 提议的 requested 请求的 probable 可能的
recommended 被推荐 resolved 决定的 appropriate 恰当的
③ 表示建议、要求、命令，请求等含义的名词引导表语从句和同位语从句。
例如：
The motion is that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.
该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。
这类名词常见的有： advice 劝告 decision 决定 demand 要求 desire 要求、愿望
insistence 坚持 motion 提议 necessity 必要性 order 命令
preference 偏爱，选择 proposal 提议 pray 恳求 recommendation 推荐
request 请求 requirement 要求 resolution 决心 suggestion 提议，建议
(2) 虚拟语气用于as if (though) 引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。
例如：
She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.
她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。
They talked as if they had been friends for years. 他们交谈着，就好像他们是多年的老朋友一样。
She looks as if she would cry. 她看起来好像要哭了。
(3) 由连接词in case, so that, unless, lest, for fear that 引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should (might, would) + 动词原形。
例如：
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿的身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
3. 含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄虚拟条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：
(1) 介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under, under more favourable condition等。
(2) 连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided (倘若……)，for fear that (惟恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only (要是……就好了)等。
(注：lest, for fear that 和in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should + 动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)
例如：
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.
在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。
例析
例1 Maggie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though _____ out of the meeting hall. A. went B. gone C. to go D. would go
答案：C.
解析 as though或as if 引导的状语从句中，从句主语和主句主语相同时，从句中可省略主语和部分谓语，如：①She paused, as if to let the painful memories pass. (省略she wanted) ②From time to time Jason turned round as though searching for someone. (省略he were) 由此可见，本题省略she wanted。
句意 麦琦愤怒地盯了老板一眼并转过身去，似乎想走出会议室。
例2 I' d rather you _____ by train, because I can' t bear the idea of you being in an airplane in such bad weather.
A. would go B. should go C. went D. had gone
答案 C.
解析 主语 + would rather 后接宾语从句，从句中谓语须用虚拟语气：用一般过去时表示希望现在或将来实现的行为或状态，用过去完成时表示希望过去实现的行为或状态。本题中原因状语从句用一般现在时，暗示希望现在或将来发生的行为动作，故选C. went。
句意 我宁愿你乘火车，因为我无法想像在如此恶劣的天气你呆在飞机里的情形。
例3 _____ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
A. Had it not been B. Were it no C. Be it not D. Should it not be
答案 A.
解析 本题测试交错时间的虚拟语气。从句是表示过去时间的虚拟条件，if省略，主语it与助动词had倒装。虚拟条件句也可写成这样：If it had not been for the timely investment from the general public. 这是重点句型，在各类测试中常考。
句意 要不是老百姓的及时投资，我们的公司不会像现在这样兴旺。
例4 The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _____ all practical value by the time they were finished.
A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost
答案 B.
解析 从句是省略if的虚拟条件句，谓语部分倒装，故主句谓语为would have + 过去分词。
句意 所涉及到的数百万次计算，如果用手工操作，到它们完成时已失去全部实用价值。
例5 A safety analysis _____ the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.
A. would identify B. will identify C. would have identified D. will have identified
答案 C.
解析 过去时间的虚拟语气表示过去要做而没有做的事。
句意 一次安全隐患分析本来会确认这个目标是潜在的危险，不幸的是，这样的分析从未做过。
例6 In the past men generally preferred that their wives _____ in the home.
A. worked B. would work C. work D. were working
答案 C.
解析 因为prefer (宁愿)是欲望动词，其后所接的宾语从句中谓语需用 (should) + 动词原形。
句意 过去男子一般都愿意他们的妻子在家里工作。
例7 When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people _____ all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honour of this great man. A. turn off B. turned off C. would turn off D. had turned off
答案 A.
解析 propose 是欲望动词，后接的宾语从句或主语从句中谓语要用虚拟语气：should + 动词原形或直接用动词原形。
句意 爱迪生去世时，有人建议，为纪念这位伟人美国人民应关掉家中、街上和工厂里的全部电源几分钟。
例8 I apologize if I _____ you, but I assure you it was unintentional. A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended
答案 B.
解析 本题测试交错时间的虚拟条件句。was暗示，事情发生在过去，所以虚拟条件句中的谓语动词应该用表示过去时间的虚拟形式。
句意 假如我曾经冒犯过你，我现在向你道歉，但我向你保证，这不是故意的。
例9 The board deemed it urgent that these files _____ right away. A. had to be printed B. should have been printed C. must be printed D. should be printed
答案 D.
解析 因为urgent是欲望形容词，在句中作形式宾语“it”的补足语，所以宾语从句中的谓语需用虚拟语气：(should) + 动词原形（主动态或被动态）。
句意 董事会认为，迫在眉睫的是马上把这些档案印现来。
6. 非谓语动词常考的其他结构
(1) 疑问词 + 不定式结构
疑问词who, what, which, when, where，和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。
如：
When to start has not been decided. 何时动身尚未决定。（主语）
I don' t know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办。（宾语）
The difficulty was how to cross the river. 困难在于如何过河。（表语）
I can tell you where to get this book. 我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）
注：a. 有时疑问词前可用介词，
如：
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道如何做此事。
b. 动词know后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词 (如：how, what) +不定式。
如：
While still a young boy, Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
很小的时候，Bizet的钢琴就弹得非常出色，成年后，即着手写歌剧，其中最著名的歌剧是《卡门》
(2) 动词不定式的几个重要时态。
① 不定式的完成式。
动词不定式的完成式常在动词appear, happen, pretend, seem等之后体现它所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。但在be, wish, intend, mean, plan, hope, expect, should 或 would like等动词之后，则表示没有实现的行为。
例如：
I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起让你久等了。
She seemed to have forgotten her promise. 她似乎把她所答应的事给忘了。
He pretended to have read the book. 他假装读过这本书。
He planned to have gone abroad. 他原计划出国（但他没有去）。
I hoped to have seen her. 我原希望会见到她的（可是我没见到她）。
I would like to have had your help. 我本想得到你的帮助（实际上我却没有得到）。
The enemy expected to have found him. 敌人本来指望找到他（实际上却没有找到）。
I intended to have finished my work last night. 我本想昨晚完成作业。
We were to have sailed next morning. 我们本定于第二天早上启航。
而在acknowledge, believe, consider, find, know, report, say, suppose, think, understand等动词之后跟不定式的完成式时，这些谓语动词用被动语态形式。
Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.
② 不定式进行式和完成进行式。
不定式进行式表示其主要谓语动词所代表的动作（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作下在发生；不定式完成进行式表示其动词所代表的动作，在主要谓语动词所代表的动作之前一直在进行。
如：
When he came in, I happened to be doing my experiment in the lab. 当他进来时，我刚好正在实验室做实验。
Why do you stand here? You are supposed to be working in the lab. 为什么你站在这儿？现在你应该正在实验室工作。
The students are said to have been investigating the possibility of producing the new product. 据说学生们一直在调查生产新产品的可能性。
They are quite happy to have been cooperating harmoniously with us till now. 他们非常高兴一直和我们愉快地合作到现在。
(3) 不带to的不定式。
① 在表示生理感觉的动词后宾语后的不定式作宾补时不带to。
这类动词有： feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear 听到 watch 注视
notice 注意 listen to 听 see 看见 hear 听
perceive 察觉，感知 look at 看
② 另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let, have等。
如：
Let him do it. 让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill. 我想要你知道我病了。
注：
1) 上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时，其后的不定式作主语补语，一般需带to，如：
He was seen to come. 别人看到他来了。
They boy was made to go to bed early. 男孩早早被打发上床睡觉。
2) 在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如：
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season. 他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。
3) 在do nothing/anything/everything but (except) 结构后跟无to不定式。例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV. 昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。
John will do anything but work on a farm. 除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。
但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing/anything/everything”，那么but (except) 所跟的不定式则仍须带“to”。例如：
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. 医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。
(4) 不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和健忘独立结构
① 不定式的逻辑主语为：for + 名词（或代词宾格）。例如：
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone. 我发现他一个人干这活是不可能的。
② 动名词的逻辑主语结构为：a. 人称代词的所有格 + 动名词；b. 名词 ’s + 动名词。例如：
Tom insisted on my going with them. 汤姆坚持要我和他们一起去。
He dislikes his wife' s working late. 他不喜欢他妻子工作到很晚。
③ 某些表示人物性格，人物评价的描绘性形容词，如：careless, clever, considerate, foolish, good, impolite, kind, naughty, nice, silly, stupid等不定式后可以加of来引导了其逻辑主语。
It is very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我，太好了。
间或也可用for + there to be 表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。
It' s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company. 太遗憾了，公司里有这么多的麻烦。
7. 非谓语动词中的有关句型
(1) 有关动名词的句型。
① Doing...+ v. ，
例：
Reading is an art. 阅读是门艺术。
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
② It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...) 等名词 + doing sth.
例：
It is no use crying. 哭没有用。
It is no good objecting. 反对也没有用。
It is a great fun playing football. 踢足球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain. 设法解释是浪费时间。
③ It is + useless (nice, good, interesting, expensive等形容词) + doing sth.
例：
It is useless speaking. 光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again. 真高兴，又遇到了你。
It is good playing chess after supper. 晚饭后弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car. 开这种小车是浪费。
④ There is no + doing...(there is no 表示“不可能”)
例：
There is no telling what he is going to do. 说出他要干什么是不可能的。
There is no saying what may happen. 说出将要发生什么是不可能的。
⑤ There is no use (good) + doing sth. 做某事没用（不好）。
例：
There is no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶洒了，哭也无用。
⑥ have difficulty + (in) + doing
have作“有”解时，后接情感名词（in可省略），再接动名词。这类词还有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.
例如：
We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan. 我们执行计划有困难。
⑦ feel like + 名词：感觉像
feel like + 动名词：想要（= would like to + v. 原形）
例：
I feel like a newborn baby. 我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。
Do you feel like going to a movie? 你想看电影吗？
I don' t feel like studying tonight. 今晚我不想读书。
⑧ They spent a lot of time (in) making preparations. 他们花了许多时间做准备。
⑨ 在require后只能用动名词，尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形式。
This problem requires studying with great care. 这个问题需要仔细研究。
(2) 有关分词的句型。
① 在表示感觉和心理状态的动词see, hear, feel, smell, listen (to), notice, observe, smell, watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语 + 现在分词”的复合结构，这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词（人名等），也可以是代词宾格（him, us等）。
例如：
She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising. 她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。
I watched them rehearsing the play. 我看他们排练戏。
I could feel the wind blowing on my face. 我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。
② 表示“致使”等意义的动词，如：catch, find, leave, give, have, get, set后也可跟上述①的结构，有时也可跟过去分词结构。
例如：
I caught them stealing my apples. 他们偷我的苹果，被我当场抓获。
If she catches me reading her diary, she' ll be furious. 如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会很生气的。
We found him waiting to receive us. 我们发现他正等着接待我们。
③ go + 现在分词表示“从事……”之意，这时现在分词做主语补语。go之后所接的现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。如：jogging 慢跑，fishing 钓鱼，dancing 跳舞，skating 溜冰，bowling 打保龄球，shopping 购物，sightseeing 游览，camping 露营。
I' ll go camping tomorrow. 我明天去露营。
Would you like to go skating with me? 你想和我去溜冰吗？
④ be busy + v.ing (现在分词) 忙着做……
例：
I am busy writing my thesis. 我正忙着写论文。
His assistant is busy (in) correcting papers. 他的助教忙于批阅考卷。
或者be busy with + n. 忙着做某事。
He is busy with his work. 他忙着工作。
⑤ What do you say to + ing 分词？（……怎么样？）
What do you say to joining us for dinner? 和我们一起进餐，你看怎么样？
(3) there be 的非谓语形式。
there be 非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。
① 作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect, like, mean, intend, want, prefer, hate等，
如：
We don' t want there to be any comrades lagging behind. 我们不希望有任何同志掉队。
They hate there to be long queues everywhere. 他们不愿意处处都要排长队。
② 作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词之后，用for there to be整个介词短语作程度状语，其他多半用there being。
例：
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself. 由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。（原因状语）
It' s too early for there to be anybody up. 太早了，还不会有人起床。（作程度状语）
There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was very dry. 因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。（原因状语）
③ 作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be。
例：
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young. 老人与年轻人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers. 幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。
④ 作定语：there be结构作定语时，定语从句中谓语为there be，there之前的关系代词常常省略。
例：
This is the fastest train (that) there is no Nanking. 这是到南京的最快一班车。
I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people. 我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。
例析
例1 If the letter _____ was placed on the writing table an hour ago, it is certain to be there now. A. mailed B. mailing C. to be mailed D. to mail
答案 C.
解析 动词不定式的被动形式作后置定语修饰名词意为“将要被……的”。A. mailed 不能入选，因为它意为“已经被寄出的”，与句意相悖。D. to mail 也可作定语修饰它逻辑上的宾语，但表示现在或经常的行为，而本题条件从句是阐述过去一次性的行为，故D不能入选。
句意 如果要邮寄的信一小时以前放在写字台上，那它现在一定还在那里。
例2 The local health organization is reported _____ twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audon became its first president.
A. to be set up B. being set up C. to have been set up D. having been set up
答案 C.
解析 完成时动词不定式作主语补足语。
句意 据报道，这家当地卫生组织是25年前成立的，那时奥顿博士就成了第一任主任。
例3 The bank is reported in the local newspaper _____ in broad daylight yesterday. A. to be robbed B. robbed C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed
答案 C.
解析 完成时动词不定式作主语的补语，表示不定式的行为动作发生在谓语动作之前。
句意 据当地报纸报道，这家银行昨天在光天化日之下遭抢劫。
例4 The Bunsen burner is so named because it is thought _____ by Robert Bunsen, who was German by birth.
A. having been invented B. to be invented C. to have bee invented D. being invented
答案 C.
解析 动词不定式的完成时在句中作主语补足语，表示其行为发生在谓语动词的行为之前。注意，这种句型中不能用分词的完成式作主语补足语。by birth按血统。
句意 本生灯之所以这样命名是因为据认为它是罗伯特•本生发明的，按血统他是德国人。
例5 The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his argument in favour of the new theory. A. which to base on B. on which to base C. to base on which D. which to be based on
答案 B.
解析 在英语中“介词 + which + 不定式“可作定语，修饰前面的名词。本题中修饰名词grounds。
句意 这位教授几乎找不到充分的理由来证明他的论据以支持这条新理论。
例6 _____ of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South. A. To the free B. Freeing C. To free D. Freed
答案 D.
解析 Freed…是过去分词短语作状语，表原因。
句意 这个气球摆脱了冰的重负后迅速上升并漂向南方。
例7 How many of us _____, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion? A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended
答案 B.
解析 attending作定语修饰many of us。
句意 譬如说，我们中有多少出席与我们无关的会议的人会对这种讨论感兴趣？
例8 There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently _____ what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic. A. giving B. gave C. to give D. given
答案 A.
解析 giving… 作主语补语，修饰remark。
句意 在我最近读过的一个英国人写的一本书中有一段有趣的话，这段话说明了他认为什么是这种美国特征的原因。
例9 Generally speaking, the bird flying across our path is observed, and the one staying on the tree near at hand is passed by without any notice _____ of it. A. taking B. taken C. to take D. to be taken
答案 B.
解析 take notice of sth 注意……，本题中taken修饰notice。near at hand附近。
句意 一般来说，飞越这条路的每只鸟都可观察到，但停在附近树上的那只鸟飞过了，没有受到注意。
例10 The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each _____ one major point in contrast with the other. A. makes B. made C. is to make D. making
答案 D.
解析 each making…是复合结构，作同位语修饰two news reports。
句意 这篇文章开头和结尾是描述两个新闻报道：一个报道与另一个报道相反各，自阐明一个重要论点。
例11 I appreciated _____ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. A. having been given B. having given C. to have been given D. to have given
答案 A.
解析 因为appreciate (感激)在此要求后接动名词。主语I与give在逻辑上是动宾关系，故动名词用被动态。
句意 我感谢两年前曾给我机会到国外学习。
例12 Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always _____ with other elements, most commonly with oxygen. A. combined B. having combined C. combine D. being combined
答案 D.
解析 its always being combined 是带逻辑主语的动名词短语，作复合介词owing to的宾语。
句意 在自然界任何地方也没有发现游离态的铝，因为铝总是和其他元素化合，最常见的是与氧化合。
例13 Although a teenager, Fred could resist _____ what to do and what not to do. A. to be told B. having been told C. being told D. to have been told
答案 C.
解析 resist (克制住，抵制) 后接名词或动名词，常用于否定句中，例如：I could not resist laughing。（我禁不住大笑。）本题谓语动词could resist暗示过去经常性的行为动作，故应选C，而不应选B。
句意 虽然富莱特是个十几岁的孩子，但是他能抵制别人叫他做什么或叫他不做什么。
例14 Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figure knew that the assertion about economic recovery _____ just around the corner was untrue. A. would be B. to be C. was D. being
答案 D.
解析 economic recovery being just around the corner 是带逻辑主语的动名词短语，作about的介词宾语。with half an eye一眼（就看出）。around the corner在拐弯处，就在眼前。
句意 看一眼失业统计数字的人都知道，有关经济复苏就在眼前的说法是不真实的。
1. 动词时态的一致
时态的一致可以分为下面几种情况：
(1) 简单句：当句子中有两个或两个以上的谓语动词共用同一个主语时，一般谓语动词的时态要求保持一致。
(2) 并列句：由并列连接词（有时可能省略掉连接词）连接的两个句子也要求时态上的一致，这类连接词有and，as well as等。
由but连接的并列句，后面的句子往往有语气的转折，时态要视情况而定。
(3) 主从复合句中主句和从句之间时态的一致关系。
① 在宾语从句中主句和从句之间的时态的一般关系通常由主句谓语的时态决定从句谓语的时态。
A. 若主句谓语动词是现在时或将来时，如：一般现在时，现在完成时，一般将来时，将来完成时等，从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。
B. 若主句谓语动词是过去时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时，过去将来完成时），从胃语动词也必须是过去时态。
a. 如果从句动作与主句动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时。
b. 当从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句要用过去完成时。
c. 当从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句要用过去将来时。
C. 当从句表示客观事物或真理，或人们已经公认的道理时，其时态不受主句谓语动词的时态的影响。即使主句谓语动词使用了过去时的某种时态，从句的时态仍然是现在的某种时态。
D. 当从句表示并未出现或尚未实现的愿望时，必须用过去时态。
E. 有些形容词后面可跟有从句，这种从句一般可看做宾语从句，其谓语也应与主句谓语的时态保持一致。可跟这种宾语从句的形容词有：afraid, glad, sure, confident, sorry, certain, conscious, aware, careful, anxious, doubtful, lucky, delighted, surprised, worried等。一致的原则与宾事从句相同。例如：
I' m confident that I' ll pass the exam. 我有信心通过考试。
He was lucky that he wasn' t killed. 他很幸运没有被杀死。
② 在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态一致关系所遵守的法则和宾语从句相同。例如：
It appears that some little trouble was caused by a woman, whose name has not been ascertained. 看来这件小小的麻烦是由一个至今尚不清楚其姓名的女人所引起的。
It was know long ago that Professor Einstein played a key role in the development of the theory of relativity. 人们早已知道，爱因斯坦教授对相对论的发展起了主要作用。
It was proved centuries ago that the speed of light is 186,000 miles a second. 几世纪前就证实了光的速度为每秒186,000英里。
The fact that man would soon be able to visit the moon built up new scientific interest in the earth’s nearest neighbor. 人类不久可以游览月球的事实，引起了人们对地球近邻的新的科学兴趣。
③ 定语从句与主句的时态一致关系
A. 若定语从句的谓语表示的动作和主句谓语表示的动作同时发生，则要求使用同样的时态。例如：
The original manuscript of "The Theory of Relativity" was written by Einstein who as then an employee in a patent office. “相对论”的原稿是由当时在一家专利办公室工作的爱因斯坦写的。
Almost every morning I receive invitation cards to visit exhibitions, on which are illustrations of the machines displayed. 几乎每天早晨我都要收到参观展览会的请柬，上面印着展出的机器的插图。
B. 主句与定语从句的谓语表示的动作如果不是同时发生，时态则不要求一致。例如：
Have you seen the new golf clubs that Mr. Stevens gave Bill? 你看过史蒂文斯先生给比尔的那些新高尔夫球棒了吗？
I painted several pictures that are now on show in the museums. 我画了几张画，现在正在博物馆里展出。
④ 状语从句与主句的时态一致关系
A. 如果状语从句的谓语表示的动作和主句谓语表示的动作同时发生，则要求使用同样的时态，例如：
Immanual Kant was so regular in his habits that until the day he died people were able to set their watches by his actions. 伊迈努尔•康德的习惯那么有规律，以至直到他死以前人们都能按他的行动来对表。
When Abraham Lincoln became President of the United States of America, he was completely involved in the problem of slavery. 当亚伯拉罕•林肯成为美国总统时，他便陷入到奴隶问题的漩涡中去了。
B. 由when，while，as引起的进行时，若主句表示的动作比从句表示的动作更引人注目，主句用过去时（或现在时），从句用过去进行时（或现在进行时）。若两个动作同样注目，可以都使用进行时。例如：
As I was walking along Main Street, a car mounted the pavement and crashed into a shop. 当我正沿着大街走时，一辆汽车越过人行道，冲进一家店铺里去了。
While the child was playing with his toys, his parents were reading books. 孩子在玩玩具，他父母在看书。
When I was returning home from school, a parade of demonstrators walked along the streets. 当我从学校回家时，一队游行示威者从街上走过。
C. 如果状语从句的谓语表示的动作和主句谓语表示的动作不是同时发生，则要使用相应的时态。
注：使用after与before连接的状语从句之间的区别在于：
a. 使用after时，从句用完成时；使用before时，主句用完成时。
b. 因为after与before两个连词本身已表示动作有先后，所以由这两个连词引起的状语从句也可以使用与主句一样的时态。例如：
The director had explained the details many times before the workers took the job. 工头在工人们开始工作前把细节给他们讲了好多遍。
Each of the major glacial stages produces distinctive land forms that remain long after the glacier has disappeared. 每一主要冰河期都产生特殊的地形，这种地形一直保留到冰川消失之后很久。
He did not know any English before he went to England. 他在去英国以前，他一点儿英语都不懂。
After she finished her work, she hurried to the nursery to pick up her child. 干完工作后，她匆匆赶到托儿所接孩子。
主谓一致
主谓一致指的是谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。处理主谓一致问题可依据三项原则：语法上一致、意义上一致和就近一致。根据这些原则，总结如下：
(1) 谓语动词用单数。
① 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般要用单数动词。
如：
To work hard is necessary. 努力工作是必要的。
Reading without comprehension is no good. 只读不理解是没有收获的。
It pays to work hard. 天道酬勤。
② 事件、国家、机构名称、书刊及其他作品的名称（专有名词）用作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
如：
The United States was formed in 1776. 美国于1776年成立。
The New York Times still has a wide circulation. 纽约时报发行量仍然很大。
Roots is a novel about a black family. 《根》是一部关于（美国）黑人家庭的小说。
③ 表示时间、距离、重量、度量、价值等的复数形式主语表示一种整体概念时，习惯上用单数谓语动词。
如：
Two weeks was too long. 两周太长了。
Ten dollars is a small sum. 十美元是个小数目。
Five times five makes twenty five. 五乘以五是二十五。
One and a half bananas is left on the table. 一根半香蕉留在桌子上。
④ 表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
如：
Linguistics is a branch of study on human languages. 语言学是人类语言中的一个分支。
⑤ 有些名词形式是复数，意义为单数，作主语时，要求单数动词。
如：
The chaos was stopped by the police. 混乱被警察阻止了。
The news is a great encouragement to us. 这新闻对我们来说是一个很大的鼓舞。
Her present whereabouts is still unknown. 她目前的行踪仍然不明。
⑥ 主语是单数时，尽管后跟随as well as（以及），no less than（不少于…，多达），rather than（而不是），more than（不止是，超过），but（除了），except（除…外），besides（加之，还有），with（和…一起，和…一块儿），along with（跟…一起），accompanied by（由…陪同），combined with（加上），in addition to（除…以外），including（包括），together with（与一起）+ 名词/代词等，谓语动词仍用单数形式。
⑦ 某些不定代词，如：either, neither, each, one, other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, none, nothing等，作主语时，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
如：
Each of the boys has an apple. 每个孩子都有苹果。
Somebody is using the phone. 有人正在用电话。
Everything around us is matter. 我们周围一切都是物质。
但是口语中当either或neither后 + of + 复数名词（或代词）作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。
如：
Is (Are) either of the boys ready? 两个男孩都准备好了吗？
Neither of the novels is (are) interesting. 哪一本小说都没意思。}
⑧ 集合名词作主语表示整体概念时，动词用单数谓语形式。
如：
The government is made up of senior members of the four main right-wing parties. 这届政府由四个主要右翼党的高级官员组成。
His family is not very large. 他的家庭并不太大。
The staff of our school is opposed to the drastic changes in the system of education. 我们学校的教员都反对教育体制的巨大改革。
The crowd was deeply stirred by his speech. 他的演说深深地打动了听众。
⑨ 用and连接的成分表示单一概念时，动词谓语用单数形式。
如：
Bread and butter is our daily food. 黄油面包是我们的日常食用品。
Time and tide waits for no man. 时光不等人。
The secretary and principal of the school was present at the meeting. 该校的书记兼校长出席了会议。
⑩ 用and连接的并列成分前面有each, every, many a, no等词修饰时，意义为单数，动词也相应地用单数形式。
如：
In China, every boy and girl has the right to compulsory education. 在中国，每个儿童都有权利受义务教育。
Each man and woman who takes the TOEFL is supposed to get the score report in five weeks. 参加托福考试的每个人都能在五个星期内收到成绩通知单。
Many a student and teacher has seen the film. 不少老师和学生都看过这部影片。
⑪ none (of + 名词或代词)在正式文体中被看做单数，谓语动词用单数，但非正式文体中也可以用复数。
如：
None of us seem to have thought of it. 我们中似乎没有人想到它。
"Is there any letter for me?" “有我的信吗？”
"Sorry, there' s none."“对不起，没有。”
None of the drivers has (have) turned up. 一个司机都没有来。
(2) 谓语动词用复数。
① 用and，both...and连接的并列主语，或both, (a) few, many, several等修饰语，后面谓语动词通常用复数形式。
如：
Plastics and rubber never rot. 塑料和橡胶永不腐烂。
He and I were classmates when we were at college. 他和我大学时曾是同班同学。
Both of these novels are interesting. 这两部小说都有意思。
Few people know it. 几乎无人知道，
② 集体名词如people, police, public, militia, cattle, class, youth等，常用复数形式的谓语动词。
如：
The Chinese people are brave and hardworking. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
Most police wear uniforms. 绝大多数警察穿制服。
The cattle are grazing in the sunshine. 一群牛在阳光下吃草。
③ 当表示民族的词与冠词合用充当主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
如：
The Japanese are very aggressive. **人是很具有侵略性的。
The English are more conservative and less talkative than the Americans. 英国人比美国人保守且不爱说话。
④ 某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人。作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
如：
The rich are not always selfish. 富人不总是自私的。
The wounded are well treated here. 伤员在这儿接受良好治疗。
The aged suffer from various miseries in this country. 老年人在这个国家遭到各种悲惨遭遇。
⑤ 不可数名词作主语，其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。
如：
Three million tons of coal were exported that year. 那年出口三百万吨煤。
Two million square meters of housing were constructed in my hometown last year. 我的家乡去年盖了二百万平方米的住宅。
3. 谓语动词可用单数也可以用复数
(1) 就近一致。
有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致，主要有以下两种情况：
① 用连词either...or, neither...nor, whether...or, not only...but (also)，or等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致。
如：
What he does or what he says does not concern me. 他做什么或是他说什么与我无关。
Either the boy or the girl knows him well. 不是这男孩就是那女孩了解他。
Neither money nor fame has influence on me. 钱和荣誉都不会让我动心。
Not only you but also he is wrong. 你和他都错了。
② 在倒装结构中，谓语动词往往和后面的第一个主语取得一致。
如：
Where is your mother and younger sisters? 你的母亲和妹妹们在哪里？
There is a book, two pencils and some buttons on the table. 在桌子上，有一本书，两支铅笔和一些扣子。
(2) 一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数。名词是复数，谓语动词用复数，反之就用单数。
这些短语有：a lot of (lots of), plenty of, a heap of (heaps of), half of, two-thirds of, ninety percent of, part of, rest of, some of, none of等。
如：
Lots of damage was caused by the fire. 火灾造成了很大的损失。
Two-thirds of people present are women. 在场三分之二的人是妇女。
40 per cent of the students come from the south of China. 40%的学生来自中国的南方。
A number of students were late. 许多同学迟到了。
(3) 集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意义。当表示整体时，谓语动词用单数；当主语强调集体中的个体时，谓语动词用复数（意义一致原则。）
如：army, audience, band, board, crowd, cattle, class, club, committee, crew, family, crowd, firm, flock, gang, government, group, majority, party, police, public, staff, team, troop等等。
The family is the basic unit of our society. 家庭是社会的基本单元。
The family were watching TV. 全家人正在看电视。
The committee meets twice a month. 委员会一月开两次会。
The committee are divided in opinion. 委员会意见有分歧。
The audience was enormous. 观众人很多。
The audience were greatly moved at the words. 听了这话听从都很感动。
(4) 定语从句中关系代词作主语时，其谓语动词的数必须与其先行词一致。
I, who am your friend, will try my best to help you. 我作为你的朋友会尽力帮助你。
Each of us who are his classmates is willing to help him. 我们这些他的同班同学都乐意帮助他。
4. 代词的一致
代词一致是指句中代词应在数、性、人称等方面彼此保持一致，或者与它所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。如：
He is devoted to his aged mother. 他全心全意地照顾他的年迈的母亲。
The city is proud of its parks. 这座城市为它所拥有的公园而自豪。
You will be late for your appointment. 你约会要迟到了。
The old man hurt his foot. 老人伤了他的脚。
(1) 由and连接两个先行词时，代词用复数。
如：
The tourist and the businessman lost their luggage in the accident. 在事故中旅游者和商人丢失了行李。
(2) 由either...or, neither ...nor, not only ...but (also)，or连接先行词，如果两个先行词在数和性上是一致的，就用其相应的一致人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数、性上保持一致。
如：
Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her. 玛丽和爱丽丝都没带钥匙。
Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination. 包裹和信都未到达目的地。
Did Andrew or Alice lose herself confidence? 是安德鲁还是艾丽斯失去了信心？
Not only Tom but I can do my work well. 我和汤姆都能将工作做好。
在正式语体中，如果两个先行词在性或数上不一致，则用两个不同的人称代词。如：
If either David or Janet comes, he or she will want a drink. 如果是大卫或珍妮特来，他或她是会要喝点儿的。
(3) 当each, everyone, everybody, no one, none, nobody, anyone, somebody, someone, somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时，其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则，采取单数形式。
Everybody talked at the top of his voice. 每个人使劲扯着嗓门讲话。
None of the boys can do it, can he? 没人能做这件事，他行吗？
Nobody wants to go there, does he? 没人愿意去那儿，他愿意吗？
在非正式文体中，也可根据意义一致原则用复数代词。如：
Everybody knows what they have to do. 每个人都知道他们必须做什么。
(4) everything, anything, something, nothing 之类的不定代词作主语时，句中相应的代词，一般只按语法一致的原则，用其单数的形式。
如：
Everything is ready, isn' t it? 一切都准备好了，对吧？
Something strange happened, didn' t it? 不是吗？某种奇怪的事情发生了。
(5) 当主语为复数形式，后跟each作同位语时，如果each位于动词之前，其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数。
如：
They each have their coats. 他们每人两件外衣。
We are each responsible for our own family. 我们各自负责自己的家庭。
例析
例1 The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me _____ she could remember who last borrowed it
A. ever since B. much as C. even though D. if only
答案 D.
解析 if only与only if不同，if only引导的从句中谓语要用虚拟语气。only it只是if的强调形式。
句意 借阅处的年长的图书馆员答应帮我弄到这本书，只要他记得谁最后一次借这本书。
例2 No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything _____ going on in the world. A. it is B. as is C. there is D. what is
答案 C.
解析 there is going on in the world是定语从句，修饰everything，在there be句型作定语从句时，作主语的关系代词往往省略。going on in the world在定语从句中作被省略的主语的补足语。又如：This is the only one (that) there is sitting at the desk in the room.
句意 没有一个人会有时间去阅读或收听介绍世界上正在发生的每一件事情。
例3 We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style _____ a personal one. A. rather than B. other than C. better than D. less than
答案 A.
解析 rather than意为“而不是”。other than: 1. (= except) 除了（表示所说的不包括在内）：He never speaks to me other than to ask for something.（他除了向我要东西，从不跟我说话。）She has no close friends other than me.（她除了我以外没有别的好朋友。）2) ( = different or differently from; not)不同于；而不：I have never known him behave other than selfishly.（我只知道他一向自私自利。）She seldom appears other than happy.（她很少有不高兴的。）style此处意为“文体”。
句意 我们学到，公务信函应该用正式文体写，而不是用私人文体写。
例4 Prof. Lee' s book will show you _____ can be used in other contexts. A. that you have observed B. that how you have observed C. how that you have observed D. how what you have observed
答案 D.
解析 how修饰can be used。what you have observed作can be used的主语。
句意 李教授的书将向你指出，你已经观察到的现象怎样才能用到其他环境中去。
例5 You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting _____ you don' t mind taking the night train. A. provided B. unless C. though D. until
答案 A.
解析 provided（假如）作连词，表示规定条件，从句中的谓语动词只能用陈述语气，不能用虚拟语气。
句意 假如你不在意乘夜班火车，你可以早一点到达北京开会。
例6 Most electronic devices of this kind, _____ manufactured for such purposes, are tightly packed. A. that are B. as are C. which is D. it is
答案 B.
解析 as作关系代词，引导定语从句，表示和先行词同类的事物。
句意 为这样的用途所制造的许多这类电子装置包装严实。
例7 Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _____ obtaining water is not the least. A. of which B. for what C. as D. whose
答案 A.
解析 of which 意为“在这些问题之中”。not the least意为“最重要的”。
句意 生活在澳大利亚中部沙漠中会遇到各种困难，其中之一是如何得到水。
例8 _____ the nature of aging process is better understood, the possibility of discovering a medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seems very remote. A. If only B. When C. Unless D. Until
答案 C.
句意 如果没有更好地了解衰老过程的本质，那么发明一种药来阻止衰老的基本过程的可能性似乎是十分渺茫的。
例9 Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe _____ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced. A. so that B. but that C. in that D. provided that
答案 C.
解析 in that (= because) 因为；so that因此；but that要不是；provided that假如，只要。
句意 氢是宇宙中的基本元素，因为它提供了生成其他元素的构成成分。
例10 There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which _____ a return in money to the community. A. does not bring B. did not bring C. do not bring D. has not brought
答案 C.
解析 which的先行词是services，故谓语用第三人称复数形式。
句意 有许多有价值的服务项目，公众也愿意支付其费用，但是这些项目没有给社区带来经济回报。
例11 The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to _____ the quality of the product. A. affects B. affect C. affecting D. to be affected
答案 A.
解析 本句中subject是形容词，后接介词to，其介词宾语是which。主语是不可数名词the amount of pressure
句意 这些材料所受到的压力的量影响产品的质量。
例12 There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than _____ in the public mind today. A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed
答案 A.
解析 than引导比较状语从句，从句中省略the anxiety which。
句意 本应减少人们对患癌症的焦虑，可如今公众心目中这种焦虑却有过之而无不及。
例13 Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life circle of the inset that _____ not fully understood. A. is B. are C. have D. has
答案 B.
解析 关系代词that的先行词是elements，故谓语应为are。
句意 尽管进行了大量的研究，在这种昆虫的生活周期中仍有某些因素还没有完全弄懂。
倒装语序的重点
英语的基本语序“主语+谓语”，陈述句的语序。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序叫做倒装语序。当谓语全部放在主语之前时，叫做全部倒装；当谓语的一部分（如助动词或情态动词）放在主语前面时，叫做部分倒装，以下五点是倒装的重点：
(1) 下列副词用于句首的句子须全倒装。用于句首为下列副词的句子中：Here, There, Now, Out, In, Up, Down, Away, Off, Then,
Here is a ticket for you. 这里有你一张票。
Down came the bird. 那只鸟飞了下来。
Up went the plane. 那架飞机冲入云霄。
但是如果主语是代词就不倒装。如：Here you are. There he goes.
(2) 在下列副词为首的句型中，形成部分倒装。
Only + 副词、介词短语、状语从句或Often, Many a time.
如：
Only then did I realize the importance of English. 只有那时我才认识到英文的重要性。
Only in Beijing have I seen such a beautiful scenery. 只有在北京我才看到这样美丽的景色。
Often did we ask her not to be late for school. 我们常常请求她上学不要迟到。
Many a time has he helped us. 他曾多次帮助过我们。
(3) 用于前面的尽的情况也适用于另一人（或物）的肯定句或否定句中：
① 肯定重复倒装用：so
例：They have all got up, and so has Jack。他们都起来了，所以杰克也起来了。
② 否定重复倒装用：nor, neither, no more，如：
If you don' t agree to our plan, neither will they.
如果你们不同意我们的计划，他们也不同意。
Tom can' t speak French. Nor (Neither) can Jack. 汤姆不会讲法语，杰克也不会讲。
(4) 在下列含否定副词、短语为首的句子或句型中，形成部分倒装：
never, at no time (决不)，by no means (决不)，nowhere, in no case (决不)，little, under (in) no circumstances, not only, neither, nor, no sooner...than..., never before, not until, hardly (scarcely, barely)...when..., not only...but also...
Never before have I seen such a wonderful park. 我从未看见过这样美丽的公园。
No sooner had I gone out than it rained. 我刚出去了，就下雨了。
(5) 用于让步状语从句中（由某些连词连接的）：no mater how (who...), however, as。
如：
No matter how busy he is, he has to attend the meeting. 无论多忙，他都得去参加会议。
However cold it is, he always goes swimming. 无论多冷他总去游泳。
Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight. 他们虽然很勇敢，但害怕斗争。
2. 省略
为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。
(1) 简单句中的省略。
① 所有格之后的名词，如住宅，商店、工矿、教堂等，可以省略。
如：
She is going to his uncle' s (house). 她去舅舅家。
Today I met her at the tailor' s (shop). 今天我在裁缝店碰见她。
② there be 结构中的引导词there以及谓语be，或同时省略，或省略there。
如：
(There are) No gains without pans. 不劳而获。
(Is there) Anything wrong? 怎么啦？
③ 独立主格结构中的分词如为being或having been时，则多省去不用，意义不受影响。
如：
The meeting (being) over, we all left the room. 会议结束后我们都离开了房间。
Books (having been) carried, we went to our school. 拿着书本我们就去上学了。
④ 两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式可省去to。
如：
Her job is to take care of the children and (to) wash clothes. 她的工作是照看孩子和洗衣服。
⑤ 主（宾）语补足语中的to be往往省略。
如：
We found the problem (to be) serious. 我们发现问题严重。
He was thought (to be) the cleverest boy in the group. 大家认为在小组中他最聪明。
(2) 并列句子的省略。
① 并列句中后面的分句只要与前边的分句有相同的词语，不管它在句子中作何种成分，都可以省略。
如：
His father is a doctor, his mother (is) a nurse.
They don' t go to the Summer Palace, neither do I (go to the Summer Palace).
② 特别是在动词appear, believe, expect, fear, hope, seem, suppose, trust, think，或词组be afraid后面，表示肯定时用so，表示否定时可用not。
例：
I think you' ll win the race; indeed we all think so. 我认为你一定会赢得这场比赛，事实上我们都这样想。
I' m not sure she isn' t coming, but I suppose so. 我不能肯定她不来，但我想是这样。
(3) 从句中的省略。
① 宾语从句。
以which, when, where, how和why引导的宾语从句在其谓语与主句谓语相同时，可省略全部谓语，甚至主语也可省略，仅保留一个wh-词。
例：
She will go to Beijing, but I don' t know when (she will go to Beijing.) 她将去北京但我不知道她何时去。
She can' t come, but I don' t know why (she can' t come). 她不能来，但我不知道为什么她不能。
② 定语从句。
定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词。在非正式文体中，也可省略关系副词when和why；关系代词as后面的主谓结构也可省略。
例：
I shall never forget the day (when) I entered Tsinghua University. 我永远不会忘记我进清华的日子。
I like the novel for the very reason (why) you dislike it. 我喜欢那本小说的原因恰恰是你不喜欢它的原因。
He gave the same answer as before (= as he had given before). 他的回答如前。
③ 状语从句。
在时间，地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中，如果主语与主句主语一致，或者主语是it，那么动词be及其主语通常可省略，
如：
He likes sports when (he was) a child. 他从孩子时代起就爱好运动。
I did not notice it until (it was) too late. 很晚了我才注意到它。
The river is clean where (it is) deep. 这条河流的深处是干净的。
Improve your paper where (it is) possible. 尽可能地修改你的论文。
Although (he was) the youngest of the class, he won all the prizes. 尽管他在全班最年轻，他获得了所有的奖。
He opened his mouth as if (he were) to speak. 他张开嘴似乎要讲话。
He won' t come unless (he is) invited. 只有邀请他，他才来。
than和as引导的比较状语从句，如果意义明确，than和as后面的任何部分都可省略。
如：
He eats more than (what) is good for him. 他总是吃得过多。
I know you better than (I know) him. 我了解你胜过了解他。
例析
例1 There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _____ a sudden loud noise. A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been
答案 B.
解析 should there be a sudden loud noise 是省略if并部分倒装的将来时虚拟条件句，还原后为：if there should be a sudden loud noise。
句意 假如发生突然的巨大声响，这些动物会受到惊吓，这是有现实可能性的。
例2 As for the influence of computerization, nowhere _____ the results more clearly than in the U. S. , which really have surprised us all. A. we have seen B. have we seen C. we had seen D. had we seen
答案 B.
解析 nowhere是否定副词，如置于主语前，则主语和助动词（或情态动词）要倒装。
句意 至于计算机化的影响，没有什么比美国能更清楚地看到其成果，这使我们大家确实感到惊讶。[/font][/color][/size][/size]
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