7 肝切除的技术发展
肝脏外科实际上是外科手术与肝脏解剖的结合,当外科医生了解肝脏的解剖结
构后,肝外科手术便迅速发展,在50-60年代间,肝叶切除术已经标准化,该时多
是奉行规则性肝叶切除术(regular hepatic lobectomy),即是在肝门部首先处理
入肝和离肝的血管,然后切除肝实质。此方法已载于一般教材,虽然其间亦有某些
作者间的技术上修正。1952年Lortat-Jacob、Quattlebaum和1953年Pack的规则性
肝叶切除奠定了肝外科的基础,欧美国家的肝肿瘤多为转移性,无肝硬化,所以一
直沿这途径发展,因而Schwartz[32]在1984年发表了肝右叶切除术;Starzl[3
3](1980)发表的扩大肝右叶切除术或称为右三段切除术(right hepatic trisegm
entectomy)仍为当前所常用的方法;但是,在肝左叶扩大切除术方面,Starzl[3
4]所发表的左三段切除术(left hepatic trisegmentectomy)手术方法,仍嫌不够
完善,手术的失血量和术后并发症率均较高,仍然有待改进之处。扩大肝左叶切除
术时技术上的最大难点是在分离肝实质时应严格依循右肝裂(right hepatic fiss
ure)的平面,而此肝裂在肝脏的表面上又很不明显,它是Ⅴ、Ⅷ肝段与Ⅵ、Ⅶ肝段
间的分界面,因而若手术有偏离时,便有可能损伤肝右静脉,特别是右后段肝管而
发生非常困难的局面。Huguet[35](1994)用肝血管隔离方法进行肝左叶扩大切除
术,在肝血管隔离下,可以在无血的情况下沿肝右静脉向远端分离,手术结束时,
可以清楚地看到肝右静脉走行在肝断面上。Huguet 8例病人的血管隔离时间为58-
85 min,平均70 min,无手术后30 d内死亡,但1例死于术后第40d,1例术后17d时
因出血和肝昏迷施行急症肝移植,另1例留下胆外瘘。因而,肝左叶扩大切除术至
当前仍是做得很少的手术并且有很高的并发症率,若使用“超声刀”分离肝实质,
有可能减少手术中的血管和胆管损伤。对于肝左叶扩大切除术(左三段切除术)的技
术问题仍然有待完善。
我国是肝癌的“大国”,患者众多,所以肝脏外科一直甚为活跃。50年代期间
,以广州王成恩教授和北京曾宪九教授为代表已积累50多例的肝癌规则性肝叶切除
术的经验,但手术死亡率较高,当时总结出来的经验是:(1)肝癌合并肝硬化时肝
切除量应<50%;(2)广泛肝切除术应极慎重;(3)肝功能衰竭是手术死亡的主要原因
;(4)远期治疗效果似与肝切除量不成比例;(5)肝硬化病人应作较保守的肝切除。
50-60年代期间,吴孟超教授[36,37]致力于肝脏解剖学的研究并发展了肝门阻
断下肝切除手术,迄至今日,积累了世界上最大系列的肝癌切除病例。1971年在当
时的“三年战胜癌症”的号召下,汤钊猷教授[38]应用甲胎蛋白的早期肝癌诊断
,提出“量体裁衣”式的肝切除,使肝癌外科治疗有了突破,并发展成为我国乃至
亚洲的肝癌外科治疗模式。
肝脏的止血问题解决后,肝脏手术就像是解剖在临床上的演绎,很多年来手术
技术上的改变不是很大,直至肝外科医生们注意到了肝脏的尾状叶。由于解剖位置
关系,肝尾状叶肿瘤切除术一直仍然是肝外科的“禁区”。以往曾经施行的肝尾状
叶切除多是连同肝左叶、肝右叶或肝门部胆管的附加性手术,所以尚未有定型的单
独的肝尾状叶切除术(isolated hepatic caudate labectomy)。例如Elias[39]
的212例肝脏恶性肿瘤切除术中,只有1例为单独的尾状叶切除。其实,尾状叶的良
性及恶性肿瘤并不太罕见。
Yammamoto[40](1992)报告1例尾状叶肿瘤通过分离左、右肝交界的前径路(
anterior approach)法切除;随后,Yamamoto[41]报告5例单独尾状叶切除术,
4例为肝细胞癌,1例结肠癌转移,术后皆生存4年以上,手术方法是采用分开肝正
中裂的前径路,手术时将右肝游离,切断下腔静脉前之肝短静脉,分离出肝右静脉
;再游离肝左外叶,切断静脉韧带与肝左静脉的连接,将尾状叶从下腔静脉分离,
分离出肝左及肝中静脉,并绕以阻断带。在阻断肝门下,通过肝中静脉的左方断肝
,将腔静脉旁(paracaval)部分的尾状叶从肝门板分开,切断尾状叶之门脉分支直
至肝中静脉后方,再从右侧分离尾状突与肝脏的附着而切除整个尾状叶肿瘤。Yam
amoto认为前经路单独肝尾叶切除术虽然并不是那么常用,但在有肝硬化时仍然可
以考虑作为一治愈性的手术。国内彭淑牖用前径路切除6例尾状叶肿瘤。Colona[
42](1993)用左侧途径切除2例肝转移和1例结节样增生;Lerut用后径路(posteri
or approach)切除1例尾状叶肿瘤但不很成功,因出血需用纱布填塞。黄志强[43
]采用左-右-左联合径路(left-right-left combined approach)切除3例原发尾状
叶肿瘤。Bartlett[44]和其同事报告4例单独尾状叶切除是通过前径路和两侧径
路实施,论文中作者之一Blumgart亦认识到由两侧径路按照肝叶切除术的原则切除
尾状叶是可行的而不必需经过肝实质。事实已经证明单独的尾状叶切除已再不是肝
外科的“禁区”[45],不过,亦有作者提出单独尾状叶切除在治疗原发性肝癌上
是否合理。Nagasue[46]报告6例原发于尾状叶肝癌单独尾叶切除术的远期效果,
确定其疗效不逊于其他部位的原发性肝癌切除。因此,单独尾状叶切除治疗尾叶的
原发性和继发性肿瘤是可行的而且是合理的,特别是当合并有肝硬化时。
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